What are the benefits of B12
It is also important to be aware of symptoms that may suggest either worsening B12 deficiency or poorly controlled blood glucose, and to seek prompt medical advice if you experience: Persistent fatigue, breathlessness, or pallor (possible anaemia) Tingling, numbness, or weakness in the hands or feet (possible B12-related neuropathy) Unsteadiness when walking, or changes in memory or thinking (possible signs of more severe B12 deficiency requiring prompt assessment) Increased thirst, frequent urination, or unexplained weight loss (possible hyperglycaemia) If you think you may be experiencing a side effect from a medicine for example, symptoms of B12 deficiency that you believe may be related to metformin you or your healthcare professional can report this via the MHRA Yellow Card scheme at yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk

Thus, to what extent we can fit theory to the data depends on the accuracy of not only the concentrations as a function of pH, but also on the accuracy of the measured solubility of the very low solubility Nic OH species and, if available, on measuring or calculating the pKa itself
Early responders may notice improved skin texture and reduced fine lines at 4 weeks, but measurable collagen density increases require 812 weeks of sustained therapeutic dermal concentration which SubQ maintains far better than IM