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Augustine by Georgia 1741, panic in New York (similar to Salem) that slaves were going to burn city and seize weapons o 150 blacks, 20 whites, and 34 alleged coconspirators (including 4 whites) were executed An Empire of Freedom British Patriotism Greatest naval and commercial power Home to complex government, Parliament representing interests of aristocrats and merchant class War with France in 18th century led to o Large military o High taxes o Creation of the Bank of England to help finance conflicts Britons and colonists shared a sense of identity against foreign foes o Shared songs and sports Britain itself was a realm of widespread prosperity, individual liberty, the rule of law, and Protestant faith The British Constitution British identity centered around concept of liberty Believed power and liberty were natural antagonists, to mediate them: o Advocates of British freedom celebrated rule of law right to liver under legislation that representatives has consented to restraints on arbitrary (random) exercise of political authority rights such as trial by jury balanced constitution (even King subject to law) 4 Republican Liberty Liberty was central to two sets of political ideas (1st set below) o Republicanism: Political theory in 18th century England and America that celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom Only property-owners possessed virtue willing to give up self-interests for greater public good Liberty was public and social o Country Party: support arose from the landed gentry Writings had little impact but devoured by colonists Emphasis on the political role of the independent landowner Warning against constant tendency of political power to infringe on liberty Liberty Freedom Liberty was central to two sets of political ideas (2nd set below) o Liberalism: Political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting the power of government to interfere with the natural rights of citizens Liberty was individual and private Influenced by philosopher John Lockes (1680) Government was mutual agreement among equals (male head of households) Surrender part of right to govern themselves for benefit f rule of law Retained natural rights (security of life, liberty and property) o Shielded private life and personal concerns from state interference Individual rights Consent of the governed Right to rebellion against unjust or oppressive government The Public Sphere The Right to Vote Britainvoting required property o Men who possessed an economic stake in society and the independence of judgement that supposedly went with it determined the policies of the government o Slaves, servants, tenants, adult sons living with parents, poor and women all lacked will of their own and o therefor ineligible to vote 50%-80% of adult white men could vote in colonies vs
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doi:10.3390/ijerph14040338
