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For example, outcomes reached from observational studies may be subject to unmeasured confounders like comorbid disorders or underlying genetic differences that may lead to biased estimates, and consequently, may not reflect true causal relationships 18,19

A new study using a randomised controlled trial evaluating heated tobacco products and e-cigarettes showed that THS products are as effective as e-cigarettes for promoting abstinence from cigarettes among people not intending to quit

In addition, previous studies suggest that the developing brain, such as that seen in youth and young adults, is vulnerable to long-term nicotine addiction