[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 217.Qiu L., Chen M., Wang X., Qin X., Chen S., Qian Y., Liu Z., Cao Q., Ying Z
Increasing evidence suggests that sustained M1 activation in the bladder contributes to persistent inflammation, structural damage, and exacerbation of lower urinary tract symptoms in IC/BPS patients 14,15
In muscles, the spinal cord, and the brain, the liver enzyme glutamine synthetase converts glutamate and ammonia (a toxic byproduct) into glutamine, protecting against ammonia toxicity
Alitretinoin, a vitamin A derivative, has shown efficacy in treating hyperkeratotic CHE, with studies reporting significant improvements in Physician Global Assessment (PGA) scores [92]