Repeated injections in the exact same spot can cause lipohypertrophy, where fatty tissue changes texture and affects absorption
There is also an increased sensitization of the excitatory neurotransmitter system, such as NMDA glutamate receptors, the reduction in the number of GABA receptors (downregulation), the shift of benzodiazepine receptors to an inverse agonist state, and compensatory changes in other components of the macromolecular GABA/benzodiazepine/chloride ionophore complex (for review see, i.e., [219,220,221,222,223,224,225])
Intramuscular delivery allows B12 to enter the bloodstream rapidly , supporting energy levels and metabolic efficiency
However, when corrected for body weight, total BMC was unaffected