Next, we performed real-time RT-PCR to determine the gene expression of osteoblast differentiation markers runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), type I collagen (Col I), osterix (OSX), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) using RNA isolated from these cells
For those concerned about their health, the best choice is to avoid smoking altogether.
Site-specific diagnosis requires a PCR swab during an active lesion
During pregnancy, the nicotine exposure increases the risk for eclampsia, premature birth, still birth, reduced birth weight, reduced lung function at birth, apnea, cleft lip and palate and probably effects muscle and skeletal development in the new-born child [33]