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3.4 Glucose and energy metabolic pathways 3.4.1 Adaptive changes in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in OA chondrocytes Under normal conditions, chondrocytes primarily derive energy through anaerobic glycolysis

Campbell GR, To RK, Hanna J, Spector SA

B12 injections use hydroxocobalamin, which is more stable and has better tolerance and detoxification properties

- Beneficial Clostridia including clusters IV and XIVa produce not only butyrate but also a broader metabolic repertoire that shapes: EC-cell signalling Epithelial biology GutENS pathways Note: not all butyrate producers are spore-forming, but these clusters contain many of the key taxa involved in serotonin-modulating chemistry