The primary cause of glucotoxicity is insulin resistance, which arises from defective islet cell function and damage caused by reduced insulin mRNA expression, associated with diminished transcription or activity of transcription factors involved in insulin production (Mota et al., 2016)
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Protein nitration in placentafunctional significance
In fact, aging as well as degenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, such as Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, autism and schizophrenia, are associated with increased ROS production, the disruption of cellular GSH pools, and downregulation of GSH-dependent enzymes ( Because GSH does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) ( de novo synthesis by two enzymes: -glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione synthetase (GS) (Valdovinos-Flores and Gonsebatt, 2012)