It is composed of four amino acids (alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and glycine)
These include 1) congenital pernicious anaemia, where there is a genetic defect in IF synthesis, leading to B12 malabsorption, 2) Imerslund-Grsbeck Syndrome (IGS) caused by mutations in genes encoding cubulin and amnionless , 3) inherited HC or TCII deficiencies, and 4) intracellular cobalamin defects (CblA-CblG defects)
Unlike sterile water, which is suitable only for single-use, bacteriostatic water allows for repeated withdrawals over days or weeks when stored properly
Last reviewed: July 18, 2026 Last updated: July 18, 2026 Written by: Jay Hastings, CEO of PlexusDx Jay Hastings is the CEO of PlexusDx, a precision health company focused on genetic testing, blood biomarker insights, and personalized wellness recommendations